To our best knowledge, this study is the first focused on the application of the Item Response Theory approach to the refinement and shortening of the BHS. Previous short versions of this scale were developed within the Classical Test Theory. LC and MB designed the study and conducted the statistical analyses. MP and MI recruited the sample and collaborated in editing the final manuscript.
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The handling editor is currently co-organizing a Research Topic with one of the authors, MP, and confirms the absence of any other collaboration. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Psychiatry v. Front Psychiatry. Published online Jul Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This article was submitted to Public Mental Health, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry.
Received Jan 10; Accepted Jul 9. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Associated Data Data Availability Statement The datasets analyzed in this article are not publicly available. Abstract Short versions of the Beck Hopelessness Scale have all been created according the Classical Test Theory, but the use and the application of this theory has been repeatedly criticized. Keywords: hopelessness, inpatients, depression, Mokken analysis, unidimensionality. Methods Participants and Procedure The sample included psychiatrically hospitalized, adult patients of whom Data Analysis The Mokken Scale Analysis MSA was carried out within the framework of Non-parametric Item Response Theory NIRT , in order to a evaluate the fundamental measurement properties of the BHS; b address dimensionality issue problems raised from previous research; and c refine the scale by providing a unidimensional, brief and reliable measure.
Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the items and the scale for the item-BHS, the refined 9-item and the Aish et al. Open in a separate window.
The Refined 9-Item Hopelessness Model The refined Hopelessness scale resulted in a unidimensional set of nine items items 2, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, ROC Curve Analysis A first ROC curve analysis was performed to compare the psychiatric inpatients with a high risk of suicide versus the low risk group.
Discussion The BHS has been recognized as a powerful tool for predicting suicidal risk in patients diagnosed with depression mood 19 , 85 — Conclusions Since its development, the Beck Hopelessness Scale was tested across different patient groups. Data Availability Statement The datasets analyzed in this article are not publicly available. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Appl Meas Educ 6 1 :1— Item response theory and clinical measurement. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 5 — Use this powerful predictor of eventual suicide to help you measure three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations. Research consistently supports a positive relationship between BHS scores and measures of depression, suicidal intent, and ideation. Secure and affordable, this system helps you quickly and automatically organize information, generate scores, and produce accurate, comprehensive reports.
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