Inca hand tools

Regardless of the simulation or prototyping environment that is employed, INCA provides add-ons that establish measurement and calibration access. By using the same INCA tool at each step, calibration values can be easily refined. In addition to automation system interfaces, the tools of the INCA product family provide a wide range of open and standardized interfaces for configuration, data exchange, documentation, automation, and integration with customer applications.

Calibration data is stored in hex formats, while several ASCII formats are supported to exchange subsets of calibration parameters. Measure data is recorded in MDF files. The configuration of experiments and connected hardware also can be documented in XML-files. DK allows users to develop own display windows for measurements and calibration parameters and to integrate them into the experiment environment of INCA.

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Designing New Functions. Mastering Complexity. Dynamic Environment. Software Engineering. Rapid Prototyping. Modeling and Design. Application Software Engineering. However, it was one of the most used metals in the Inca Empire. On the other hand, the copper was obtained from the work in shallow mines. This work required the action of many men. Which took turns to blow the fire, so that it increased the temperature in the oven.

The Incas used diverse metals to develop objects that were useful in their day to day and objects that served of ornament. Both copper and bronze were used to make basic tools and weapons. Among the objects created for this purpose are rudimentary shovels used for digging, knives with curved leaves, axes, chisels and needles.

There are also domestic objects made of bronze and copper, such as teaspoons, bracelets and belts. In the same way, the Incas created mirrors of polished bronze, which resemble the mirrors made in the Ancient Egypt. The Incas did not work with the iron, much less with the steel alloy of iron and carbon that the Incas did not develop. For this reason both armor and weapons were made of copper, bronze, brass and wood. In this area, the Incas produced helmets, spears, axes of battles, among others.

The Incas used gold and silver as ornamental materials. This was done not because the aborigines considered that these metals had more economic value than copper or bronze, but because they reflected the light of the sun more than any other. In this way, the use of these brilliant metals became another way of worshiping the god of the Sun, known as Inti, and the goddess of the Moon. Gold and silver were intended to be used in decorations. For their part, the possession and use of materials made of gold or silver was reserved for Aborigines belonging to the high society lords, priests and emperor.

This is probably one of the reasons why their machines are well made — rather than pump out many different models, they focused on optimizing and perfecting a limited number of machines.

From onwards, production moved to France. Whether this affected the quality of production is unclear, but there seem to be no serious differences between the Swiss and French machines.

From the s onwards, Inca appears to have gone in a downward spiral, most likely due to competition from cheaper often Chinese-made machines in the hobbyist market, and their lack of presence in the professional woodworking market. Inca finally went bankrupt in These are also the ones you are most likely to still find on the second-hand market today. Due to their small size, affordability, and high precision they are popular entry-level machines for beginning woodworkers. The original motor is only W, which may cause some difficulties cutting thicker hardwoods.

There are a few special things about this machine. Firstly, unlike modern machines of this size, the motor is not integrated. Rather, it is suspended under the table top, connecting to the table saw arbor with a belt and pulley. The advantage of this system is that it is easy to replace the motor with a more powerful new one. The Inca Compact is essentially the same machine as the Universal, except that it actually does have an integrated motor.

This makes it harder to repair the motor, but if it runs fine and your space is limited, it is the preferred machine. Tip: If you plan to replace the motor, take the pulley sizes into account to make sure the table saw arbor runs at the right rotational speed see the manual. You can use a pulley calculator to find out what size you need. The second special, and most unique, thing about the Universal is that the saw blade cannot tilt. Instead, the entire table tilts around the blade. This means the blade will always remain at 90 degrees to the floor, and the table can swivel.

There is a locking mechanism with a knob to fix the table in position. This system is more dangerous and cumbersome to use than modern tilting blades. Because the table is at an angle, gravity will start pulling the workpiece down as you push it through the saw. This increases the chances of kickback significantly. Most users actually refrain from making mitered cuts on this machine. This is a major downside and something to take into consideration when thinking about buying this machine.

Another downside of this machine, besides the limited size and difficulty making angled cuts, is the blade guard. The blade guard itself works fine, but it is attached to a metal bar that blocks you from making cross cuts that are longer than the table is wide. It is not easy to remove this, so you basically have to decide to either always leave it off or on. Leaving it off obviously makes the machine less safe to use.

Despite these downsides, the Universal is still an excellent machine if you are aware of its limitations. The fence is very precise, and has a fine-adjustment knob which lets you put it exactly in the right position. The mitre slot is also play-free and the mitre gauge comes with a flip stop. Combined with the straight cast aluminium table, this lets you make extremely precise cuts that would be difficult to achieve on many modern machines in the same price range.

In addition, there are multiple attachments available to add more functions than just the table saw. There is a tenoning jig, which is widely praised and because of that expensive on the second-hand market , mortising table, spindle moulding attachment, and sanding station attachment. Some of these are interchangeable with the Inca Major.

Note: The miter slot of the Universal is dovetailed and not suited for modern miter gauges. It is also not compatible with the Inca Major. Its size is more suited for most hobbyists, but it shares most of the other flaws of its smaller brother. It has the same tilting table mechanism, making angled cuts dangerous, and the blade guard can be in the way of crosscuts.

Because of its size and increased power, the Major is the better machine for most people. If you find a machine with many accessories present and in great optical shape, expect to pay a substantial premium, because there are some collectors who will drive the price up.

Inca machines seem to be significantly more expensive in North America. In addition to the accessories mentioned for the Universal, there is also a sliding table available for the Major, which also fits on the Inca Master and one of the Spindle Moulders.

Another advantage compared to the Universal is the straight miter slot, making it easier to find a modern miter gauge to fit. Besides the two small machines we just discussed, Inca also made three cabinet saws, the Master , Supermaster , and Professional. The Master can be seen like an improved and upgraded version of the Inca Major, while the Professional is a truly high-end cabinet saw.

The Supermaster is an evolved version of the Master, borrowing some upgrades from the Professional. The biggest improvement of these three machines over the Major and Universal is that they have tilting saw blades rather than tilting tables.